Animals were tethered in cow sheds on one (2.1%) farm.Ī majority (79.2%, 38/48) of the farms utilized underground water for animals to drink, 18.8% (9/48) of the farms used tap water, and 2.1% (1/48) of the farms used stream water. There was no significant difference ( p = 0.83) between the stocking density (available spaces per lactating cow) in the two provinces, with a median of 25.1 (range 9.7- 53.3) m 2 per cow (Table 2).įree-ranging in a shed was practiced on 97.9% (47/48) of the farms, of which 41.7% (20/48) farmers housed lactating cows in a shed with an open-air yard to increase the activity space (Table 3). The results of this study have potential benefit in the control and eradication of Salmonella from dairy cattle farms in these, and potentially other, Chinese provinces. This study was designed to evaluate potential biosecurity risk factors associated with Salmonella status in dairy herds from Henan and Hubei provinces. Henan and Hubei provinces are located in central China, and although the dairy industry is important in these two provinces, no previous surveillance for Salmonella has been undertaken within the industry. There is a continued need for surveillance and control programs in animal production systems to ensure food safety (Cerva et al. Foodborne disease data collected from China in 2015 highlighted that Salmonella was the second leading cause of bacterial foodborne diseases (Fu et al. ( 2014) reported that 2.0% of infant formula was also contaminated with Salmonella. ( 2019) reported that 8.1% of bulk tank milk samples were positive for Salmonella. Recently, Salmonella was detected in half of the dairy farms sampled in Western Australia (Aleri et al. Salmonella, an enteric microorganism, can cause diseases in adult cattle and calves, and result in cases of human foodborne infections (Fossler et al. At the same time, several international studies have reported that the implementation of voluntary biosecurity programs is primarily driven by farmers (Sayers et al. However, the standards have not been widely adopted (Fu et al.
These guidelines specified the requirements relevant to several aspects of dairy farming, including feeding animals, hygiene of the environment and facilities, the health of staff, and surveillance programs. In China, in 2006, the government published the national technical standards on sanitation for interventions (Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China 2006). 2016) and Escherichia coli (Farrokh et al. Implementing optimal management and husbandry practices on farms not only improves the health and welfare of farm animals but also enhances productivity and food safety by potentially controlling foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella (Agren et al. There is a need to institute appropriate on-farm control measures for wild birds and rodents to control the potential spread of Salmonella in dairy production systems. The study highlights the occurrence of wildlife as a risk factor for the presence of Salmonella in investigated dairy herds.
Fortunately, no farms shared farm equipment with other farms. A significant association between Salmonella-positive status and the high frequency of the presence of wildlife (birds and rodents in sheds and feed storage places) was recorded (OR: 11.9, 95% CI: 1.7, 84.1, p = 0.013). The use of personal protective equipment was consistently performed on all farms, with a majority of the workers on most farms (81.3%, 39/48) always disinfecting footwear before entering production areas. A total of 29.2% (14/48) of the farms were located < 2 km from other livestock farms. Feces were removed more than once a day in 45.8% (22/48) of the farms, whereas the remainder (54.2%, 26/48) only removed animal feces once a day. Mixed species rearing was practiced in 35.4% (17/48) of the farms. In all (100%, 48/48) of the surveyed farms, although sick animals were separated from healthy animals using fencing, there were no strict quarantine protocols for newly introduced animals. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions across two broad categories of potential biosecurity risk factors: farm and biosecurity managemental factors. Information on potential biosecurity risk factors was collected using a questionnaire template via a 15-min face-to-face interview with dairy cattle producers from May 2020 to March 2021. Herds were assigned a Salmonella status based on the isolation of Salmonella from fecal samples obtained from adult lactating dairy cows. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with the Salmonella infection status of dairy herds in Henan and Hubei provinces, China.
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